{Originally posted to The Lid website}
Jews across the world are now celebrating Chanukah. What most people (even Jews) know about Chanukah is either wrong, half the story, or peppered with charming untrue legends. Despite what you may have been told, the meaning of the holiday is not “let’s come up with a holiday around Christmas time, so Jewish kids have something to do at the end of December (although a liberal Rabbi once unsuccessfully tried to convince me that was true). Neither is the meaning of Hanukkah “lets come up with a holiday with many different English spellings so we can drive the Gentiles crazy.”
Twice last week, I’ve read Hanukkah described as an important Jewish holiday. WRONG! As far as Jewish holidays go, Chanukah is among the least important, unlike the “big ones” like Rosh Hashana, Yom Kippur, Passover, Sukkot, or Shavuot on Chanukah you can work, drive, etc.
The most common view of the holiday generally includes the miracle of the one day of oil lasting for eight days, the Maccabees defeat of the superior forces of King Antiochus, the re-dedication of the Temple in Jerusalem, etc.
If you want to know the truth, the oil thing never happened, and the battle Judah Maccabee and his boys won was really a civil war against the Jews who turned away from their faith. Antiochus and his army were there to intervene in the civil war— they just picked the wrong side to support.
Antiochus invaded Judea at the request of the assimilated Hellenized Jews who were expelled to Syria around 170 BCE. Those exiled assimilated Jews lobbied the King Antiochus to recapture Jerusalem.
The fight started when, in the town of Modin, a government representative of emperor Antiochus IV Epiphanes demanded that the local Jewish priest Mattathias ben Johanan offer sacrifices to the Greek gods. Mattathias not only refused to do so but killed the Jew who had stepped forward to offer the sacrifice. Mattathias then killed the government official who made the demand. When the order to arrest Mattathias was made, he went into the wilderness to hide where. There Mattathias was joined by his sons and others who heeded his call, “Let everyone who has zeal for the Law and who stands by the covenant follow me!” There they began the civil war and picked up the nickname Maccabee.
Y’hudhah HamMakabi or Judah the Maccabee was a nickname for Mattathias’ son Judah. It means Judah the Hammer, Maccabee is also an anagram for a Hebrew phrase which translates into “Who is like You among the heavenly powers oh God?”
Two hundred years later the failed Judean General-turned traitor-turned Roman historian, Josephus wrote:
“The king being thereto disposed beforehand, complied with them, and came upon the Jews with a great army, and took their city by force, and slew a great multitude of those that favored Ptolemy, and sent out his soldiers to plunder them without mercy. He also spoiled the temple, and put a stop to the constant practice of offering a daily sacrifice of expiation for three years and six months.”
Now, as far as the holiday goes, Hanukkah is not an important Jewish holiday because, like Purim, it was created by rabbis. The command to observe the big holidays such as Passover, Sukkot, or Shavuot is in the Torah, which was given to us by God. Since God outranks the rabbis, his holidays are much more important. The Books of the Maccabees weren’t even included in the Jewish canon. Most probably, it was all because of politics (sort of). And the books can’t be added back because no Hebrew version of the full text has ever been found (for all of you pickers out there, here is an opportunity).
The Maccabees’ big political mistake was made after the Temple was rededicated. They kept the role of Temple priests but added the role of Kings. From the time of Moses and Aaron, the offices of the head of state and high priest were separate. Once the Kingship was established with Saul, the separation became permanent. The priestly family was from the tribe of Levi (where Aaron, the first priest came from). Even today, the descendants of Aaron (called Kohans) are recognized as the Jewish priests. The first king of Israel, Saul, was from the tribe of Benjamin. He was succeeded by David, who was from the tribe of Judah ruled the kingdom of Israel. Even after the kingdom divided into the Kingdoms of Judah and Israel house of David sat on the royal throne.
Tomb of Mattathias ben Yoḥanan HakKohen (Mattathias Son of Jonathan The Priest)
Father of the Maccabees And the Man Who Started The Revolt
Before you liberals start claiming biblical proof of separation of church and state, the reason for the biblical separation wasn’t a fear of religious influence on govt., but the possibility of a corrupt government’s impact on religion –which is precisely what happened with the Maccabee family. God knew that governments could become corrupt, and since there were no bloggers in biblical times to watch over the government. The plan was for an incorruptible Priesthood who were supposed to keep the politicians in line. But as to the liberals’ version of separation of church and state, the Torah disagrees. Deuteronomy 17:18–19 says;
“And it will be when he sits upon his royal throne, that he shall write for himself two copies of this Torah on a scroll from [that Torah which is] before the Levitic kohanim. And it shall be with him, and he shall read it all the days of his life, so that he may learn to fear the Lord, his God, to keep all the words of this Torah and these statutes, to perform them.”
Eventually, the Maccabees’ breach of tradition led to the corruption of both offices, the destruction of the second temple in Jerusalem, and the exile of the Judean (Jewish) people. When the canonical books were selected about 250 years after the Maccabee victory, and about 70 years after the destruction of the Temple and exile, feelings were still very raw, and the Maccabees were booted. Emotions have calmed down, but since there are no ancient copies in Hebrew (only Greek translations), the books cannot be added back into canon.
Chanukah started out as a celebration of Sukkot. When the Maccabees finally retook the Temple in the month of Kislev, they decided to celebrate Sukkot three months late. Since they had skipped celebrating the major holiday of Sukkot, the Maccabees rededicated the Temple and immediately set out to celebrate the skipped festival. The reason for the celebration was more than making up for a skipped festival. On Sukkot, during biblical times, Judeans from all of the land would come to Jerusalem to offer sacrifices at the Temple. The celebration of the festival allowed the Jews who couldn’t go to the holy Temple for three and a half years to rededicate themselves the Jewish faith.
Also, the story the oil, eight days, etc.–it was a charming fairy tale—it never happened and was never recorded in the books of the Maccabees. The initial celebration of the re-dedication of the Temple, now called Hannukah, was named the festival of lights.
Now Judas celebrated the festival of the restoration of the sacrifices of the temple for eight days, and omitted no sort of pleasures thereon; but he feasted them upon very rich and splendid sacrifices; and he honored God, and delighted them by hymns and psalms. Nay, they were so very glad at the revival of their customs, when, after a long time of intermission, they unexpectedly had regained the freedom of their worship, that they made it a law for their posterity, that they should keep a festival, on account of the restoration of their temple worship, for eight days. And from that time to this we celebrate this festival, and call it Lights. I suppose the reason was, because this liberty beyond our hopes appeared to us; and that thence was the name given to that festival. Judas also rebuilt the walls round about the city, and reared towers of great height against the incursions of enemies, and set guards therein. He also fortified the city Bethsura, that it might serve as a citadel against any distresses that might come from our enemies.
There is no record of Judah ordering Chinese takeout, making potato latkes or going to Dunkin Donuts for jelly-filled donuts, or going to the movies, That didn’t become Jewish practice until much later.
I believe it is called the festival of lights because Jews believe that God’s teachings bring his light into the world. The Chanukah festival was not only a re-dedication of the Temple but a re-dedication of the Jews to the Torah and the light of God. Neither Josephus nor the Book of Maccabees discusses any oil that lasts eight days (or takeout).
Sorry if I destroyed any of your childhood myths by telling the truth about the candles. But (to me) the miracle of Hanukkah was the victory of the Jews over superior forces. Faith is all about believing that God is always involved, even when you don’t see him. God repeated the miracle of Hannukkah with Purim, with Israel in 1948, the Six-Day-War and in even more recent times, and the miracle year of New York Sports 1968-69; the Mets, the Jets, and the hobbled Willis Reed-led Knicks.
The oil lighting story and candle tradition is very nice, and it teaches all about the Jews’ role of helping the light of God spread throughout the world. It also helped to establish the tradition of eating greasy donuts and potato latkes on Chanukkah, Hannukkah, Hanukkah, or however, you wish to spell the holiday.
The Rabbis tell us that we are not to use the Chanukah candles for reading or seeing, as we would with a regular candle or a light bulb, or even a Shabbos candle. The Chanukkiyah (it’s not a menorah!). Menorahs were in the Temple in Jerusalem and when fully lit had seven instead of nine candles). The Chanukkiyah is supposed to be placed near a window. That way, the light of God and his many miracles will shine outward into the world.
Menorahs, not the Mogen David (Jewish Star) were the symbol of the Jewish people until recently and was chosen as the symbol of the Nation of Israel
There is an interesting story in the Talmud about lighting the candles. The students of two great rabbis Hillel and Shammai had a fierce argument about how the candles should be lit. The Shammai camp said you light nine candles (the helper candle and one for each of the eight nights) the first night and take away one each succeeding night. The house of Hillel said you light two the first night (the helper candle plus one) and add one each succeeding night. While both camps were brilliant and wise, the Hillel camp won (as they usually did) because it is important to increase one’s holiness every day, and adding a candle is increasing holiness.
Even though Chanukah is a minor holiday, it is one of my favorites, not because of the eight days of gifts (that is an American custom based on trying to one-up Christmas) and not because of the greasy clogged artery-inducing donuts and potato pancakes. Chanukah is a holiday about Jews fighting against assimilation. That’s a lesson needing to be reinforced over and over here in the Galut (Diaspora). The holiday and candles are also a reminder that in Judaism, the light of God begins in the home. And that light can be lit it by a single-family unit, and just like the Chanukiah (Menorah), the light will radiate from the home to the community and eventually throughout the world.
May you all have a Chag Chanukah Samayach, a happy Hanukkah holiday, and may the light of God soon radiate throughout the world and bring us peace. As the words said over and over during every prayer service wishes;
Oseh Shalom bimromav, hu ya’aseh shalom aleinu ve’al kol yisrael, ve’imru amen.
He Who makes peace in His heights, may He make peace, upon us and upon all Israel. Amen.