Question: Should we wash our hands in the bathroom with soap and water, or by pouring water from a vessel with handles three times, alternating hands? I have heard it said that a vessel is used only in the morning upon awakening. What are the rules pertaining to young children? What is the protocol if no vessel is available? Additionally, may we dry our hands via an electric dryer?
Harry Koenigsberg
(Via E-Mail)
Summary of our response up to this point: The Mechaber (Orach Chayyim 4:1) rules that upon arising in the morning, a person must wash his hands three times in order to remove the evil spirit that rests upon them at night and recite the blessing “Al Netilat Yadayim.”
The Rashba explains that in the morning, our souls return to our bodies and we are created anew. The Zohar elaborates that at night, when we sleep, our holy souls ascend to heaven and an evil spirit descends on our bodies in their absence. When the souls return in the morning, the evil spirit leaves but lingers on our hands. The Zohar specifies that water must be poured on our hands from a vessel.
The Mishnah Berurah notes that one should alternate pouring water on the right and left hands, three times each. The Machebar lists times at which one must ritually wash one’s hands and warns that a person who forgets to do so will forget what he learned or go out of his mind.
The Vilna Gaon explains that washing three times is only required upon arising from sleep. The Mishneh Halachot, Rabbi Menashe Klein, discusses the importance of teaching small children to perform netilat yadayim, for cleanliness (purity) reasons and also for educational reasons.
The Ba’er Heitev states that a person should say “Al Netilat Yadayim” after washing and not wait until he dries them. The Sha’arei Teshuva disagrees and states that an evil spirit does not depart one’s hands until after they are dried. Therefore, should dry one’s hands first and only then say “Al Netilat Yadayim.”
R’ Abuhu maintains that eating bread without wiping one’s hands first is like eating defiled bread. The Zohar adds that wiping one’s hands is required after washing in the morning and upon departing the lavatory.
The Mechaber rules that washing one’s hands in the morning upon awakening takes care of all washings for the rest of the day if water is scarce. The Rema disagrees, ruling that one must always wash for bread.
Last week we quoted from the responsum of Rabbi Tovia Goldstein, zt”l on wiping one’s hands after Netilat Yadayim. R. Abahu states that eating without wiping one’s hands first is considered loathsome; the bread is considered ritually defiled. The water that remains on one’s hands after washing are considered defiled and must be wiped away.
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Rabbi Goldstein cites the Beit Yosef (to Tur, O.C. 158) who states: The Mordechai in Perek Elu Devarim (Berachot, siman 202) writes, “We have learned from a baraita in the second perek of Yadayim that a person who immerses his hands [in a mikveh of 40 se’ah] need not wipe his hands. It seems to me that the reason is because there are no defiled waters [in the mikveh]. According to this reason, when a revi’it is poured on his hands at the same time, then too there is no need to wipe them since the waters never became defiled. If he washes each hand separately, he must then pour a full revi’it on each hand at one time so that there will be no defiled waters at all and his hands will not need wiping.”
