The Wedding Day Fast
‘He Accepts A Ring On Her Behalf’
(Kesubos 47a)
There is a well-known custom for the chasan and kallah to fast on their wedding day before the chuppa. The Maharam Mintz cites this custom in the conclusion of a special treatise in which he compiled many of the laws and customs regarding kesubos and weddings (109). He offers two reasons for the custom.
A Day Of Atonement
Our Sages tell us that on their wedding day, a chasan and kallah are forgiven for their sins. Therefore, it is customary for them to fast, just as we do on Yom Kippur, when we our sins are also forgiven. Furthermore, if they were to eat before their chuppa, they might drink alcohol, and not be perfectly lucid for the wedding ceremony (cited in Magen Avraham, 573; see Otzar HaPoskim 61:1 s.k. 10-1 for other reasons noted by poskim).
Kiddushin And Nissuin On Two Different Days
The practical difference between these two reasons is evident when the kiddushin and nissuin are held on two different days (as was once the universal customary). The kiddushin is when the chasan gives the kallah a ring (or any other valuable object) and declares that she is “sanctified” to him, and may not marry any other man. The nissuin is the completion of the marriage ceremony, in which he takes her under the chuppa, and fully makes her his wife. Today, the two ceremonies are generally performed on the same day.
However, if they were performed separately on two different days, when would the chasan and kallah fast? If they’re fasting to attain atonement, they should fast on the day of nissuin, when they truly become husband and wife and are forgiven of their sins. If they’re fasting in order to remain sober, they should fast on the day of the kiddushin. It is then that the woman is sanctified as her husband’s wife and becomes forbidden to all others, and it is important that they both understand the relevance of the ceremony. There should be no room to doubt that perhaps the kiddushin was invalid since they were intoxicated and did not really mean to effect the kiddushin (see Pri Megadim O.C. 573).
When The Father Accepts His Daughter’s Kiddushin
According to Torah law, a father can accept a ring or other valuable object on behalf of his daughter who has not yet come of age, and thereby marry her off. In such a case, the kallah would not need to fast. Since she is not yet liable for her sins, she need not fast in atonement. Furthermore, since she does not participate in the kiddushin ceremony, she need not fast to remain lucid. Her father, on the other hand, must fast, according to the opinion that the chasan and kallah fast to remain lucid. He too must be lucid to accept the kiddushin on his daughter’s behalf (Maharam Mintz, ibid; Magen Avraham O.C. 573; see also Pri Megadim).
Sefardic Customs
Some Sefardic authorities reject the notion that a chasan and kallah should fast on their wedding day. They argue that the day is like a Yom Tov for them and thus it is forbidden for them to fast (see Harei Besamim p. 76c; Otzar HaPoskim ibid, 4; Nisuin K’Hilchasam ch. 6).
Wedding On A Holiday
Even in communities where it is customary for a chasan and kallah to fast, they should not do so if they get married on a holiday such as Chanukah, Tu B’Shevat or Tu B’Av, on which it is forbidden to fast (see Shulchan Aruch and Mishna Berura 573:1). However, the Beis Shmuel rules that even in such a case, the chasan and kallah must be careful not to overindulge in food and drink.
The Father Fasts
The Rema (Darkei Moshe O.C. 580) cites an interesting custom of the Maharash to fast on the days of his children’s weddings. The Likutei Mahariach writes that many observe this custom. (See Nisuin K’Hilchasam ch. 6.)