In The Lonely Man of Faith, Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik drew our attention to the fact that Bereishit contains two separate accounts of creation. The first is in Bereishit chapter 1, the second in Bereishit chapters 2-3, and they are significantly different.
In the first, G-d is called Elokim, in the second, Hashem Elokim. In the first, man and woman are created simultaneously: “male and female He created them.” In the second, they are created sequentially: first man, then woman. In the first, humans are commanded to “fill the earth and subdue it.” In the second, the first human is placed in the garden “to serve it and preserve it.” In the first, humans are described as “in the image and likeness” of G-d. In the second, man is created from “the dust of the earth.”
The explanation, says Rabbi Soloveitchik, is that the Torah is describing two aspects of our humanity that he calls respectively, “Majestic man” and “Covenantal man.” We are majestic masters of creation: that is the message of Bereishit 1. But we also experience existential loneliness, we seek covenant and connection: that is the message of Bereishit 2.
There is, though, another strange duality – a story told in two quite different ways – that has to do not with creation but with human relationships. There are two different accounts of the way the first man gives a name to the first woman. This is the first:
“This time – bone of my bones and flesh or my flesh; she shall be called ‘woman’ [isha], for she was taken from man [ish].”
And this, many verses later, is the second:
“And the man called his wife Eve [Chava] because she was the mother of all life.”
The differences between these two accounts are highly consequential. In the first, the man names, not a person, but a class, a category. He uses not a name but a noun. The other person is, for him, simply “woman,” a type, not an individual. In the second, he gives his wife a proper name. She has become, for him, a person in her own right.
In the first, he emphasizes their similarities – she is “bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh.” In the second, he emphasizes the difference. She can give birth, he cannot. We can hear this in the very sound of the names. Ish and Ishah sound similar because they are similar. Adam and Chavah do not sound similar at all.
In the first, it is the woman who is portrayed as dependent: “she was taken from man.” In the second, it is the other way around. Adam, from Adamah, represents mortality: “By the sweat of your brow you will eat your food until you return to the ground (ha’adamah) since from it you were taken.” By contrast, it is Chavah who redeems man from mortality by bringing new life into the world.
The consequences of the two acts of naming are completely different. After the first comes the sin of eating the forbidden fruit, and the punishment: exile from Eden. After the second, however, we read that G-d made for the couple, “garments of skin” (“or” is spelled here with the letter ayin), and clothed them. This is a gesture of protection and love. In the school of Rabbi Meir, they read this phrase as “garments of light” (“or” with an aleph). G-d robed them with radiance.
Only after the man has given his wife a proper name do we find the Torah referring to G-d Himself by His proper name alone, namely Hashem (in Bereishit chapter 4). Until then He has been described as either Elokim or Hashem Elokim – Elokim being the impersonal aspect of G-d: G-d as law, G-d as power, G-d as justice. In other words, our relationship to G-d parallels our relationship to one another. Only when we respect and recognize the uniqueness of another person are we capable of respecting and recognizing the uniqueness of G-d Himself.
Now let us return to the two creation accounts, this time not looking at what they tell us about humanity (as in The Lonely Man of Faith), but simply at what they tell us about creation.
In Bereishit 1, G-d creates things – chemical elements, stars, planets, lifeforms, biological species. In Bereishit 2-3, He creates people. In the first chapter, He creates systems, in the second chapter He creates relationships. It is fundamental to the Torah’s view of reality that these things belong to different worlds, distinct narratives, separate stories, alternative ways of seeing reality.
There are differences in tone as well. In the first, creation involves no effort on the part of G-d. He simply speaks. He says “Let there be,” and there was. In the second, He is actively engaged. When it comes to the creation of the first human, He does not merely say, “Let us make Man in our image according to our likeness.” He performs the creation Himself, like sculptor fashioning an image out of clay: “Then the L-rd G-d formed the man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living being.”
In Bereishit 1, G-d effortlessly summons the universe into being. In Bereishit 2, He becomes a gardener: “Now the L-rd G-d planted a garden…” We wonder why on earth G-d, who has just created the entire universe, should become a gardener. The Torah gives us the answer, and it is very moving: “The L-rd G-d took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to work it and take care of it.” G-d wanted to give man the dignity of work, of being a creator, not just a creation. And in case the man should view such labor as undignified, G-d became a gardener Himself to show that this work too is Divine, and in performing it, man becomes G-d’s partner in the work of creation.
Then comes the extraordinarily poignant verse, “The L-rd G-d said, ‘It is not good for the man to be alone. I will make a helper suitable for him.” G-d feels for the existential isolation of the first man. There was no such moment in the previous chapter. There, G-d simply creates. Here, G-d empathizes. He enters into the human mind. He feels what we feel. There is no such moment in any other ancient religious literature. What is radical about biblical monotheism is not just that there is only one G-d, not just that He is the source of all that exists, but that G-d is closer to us than we are to ourselves. G-d knew the loneliness of the first man before the first man knew it of himself.
That is what the second creation account is telling us. Creation of things is relatively easy, creation of relationships is hard. Look at the tender concern G-d shows for the first human beings in Bereishit 2-3 . He wants man to have the dignity of work. He wants man to know that work itself is Divine. He gives man the capacity to name the animals. He cares when He senses the onset of loneliness. He creates the first woman. He watches, in exasperation, as the first human couple commit this first sin. Finally, when the man gives his wife a proper name, recognizing for the first time that she is different from him and that she can do something he will never do, He clothes them both so that they will not go naked into the world. That is the G-d, not of creation (Elokim) but of love (Hashem).
That is what makes the dual account of the naming of the first woman so significant a parallel to the dual account of G-d’s creation of the universe. We have to create relationships before we encounter the G-d of relationship. We have to make space for the otherness of the human other to be able to make space for the otherness of the Divine other. We have to give love before we can receive love.
In Bereishit 1, G-d creates the universe. Nothing vaster can be imagined, and we keep discovering that the universe is bigger than we thought. In 2016, a study based on three-dimensional modeling of images produced by the Hubble space telescope concluded that there were between 10 and 20 times as many galaxies as astronomers had previously thought. There are more than a hundred stars for every grain of sand on earth.
And yet, almost in the same breath as it speaks of the panoply of creation, the Torah tells us that G-d took time to breathe the breath of life into the first human, give him dignified work, enter his loneliness, make him a wife, and robe them both with garments of light when the time came for them to leave Eden and make their way in the world.
The Torah is telling us something very powerful. Never think of people as things. Never think of people as types: they are individuals. Never be content with creating systems: care also about relationships.
I believe that relationships are where our humanity is born and grows, flowers and flourishes. It is by loving people that we learn to love G-d and feel the fullness of His love for us.