Israeli scientists at Tel Aviv University (TAU) and the Israel Center for Medical Simulation (MSR) have found medical clowning has a purpose “far beyond” the issue of creating a good mood for patients.
In their study, the scientists tested and categorized 40 different skills of medical clowns, including establishing an emotional connection and creating a personal relationship with the patient, expressing the patient’s voice about his/her frustrations and difficulties to the medical staff, increasing the patient’s motivation to adhere to the medical treatment, distracting the patient from pain, and creating an atmosphere of games and play.
The research was conducted under the leadership of Professor Orit Karnieli-Miller and Dr. Lior Rosenthal, both of TAU’s Department of Medical Education, in collaboration with Orna Divon-Ophir, Dr. Doron Sagi, Professor Amitai Ziv, and Liat Pessach-Gelblum of the MSR. The study was published on November 17, 2022, in Qualitative Health Research.
The researchers demonstrate that medical clowns not only help patients and their family members, but also the medical team and the achievement of treatment goals. Through use of different communication skills, clowns make it easier for the patient to cooperate with various treatments. They work in a team with other therapists and know how to intervene when an argument or crisis arises, and help overcome it and advance treatment.
Earlier studies showed medical clowns as trained professionals whose goal is to change the hospital environment through humor. Studies conducted throughout the years have shown the clowns’ positive influence on this and in helping patients deal with pain. However, so far, no studies have empirically mapped the skills they use and their therapeutic goals to help understand their “secret magic.”
In addition, there was a lack of broad understanding of how clowns can help children, teenagers, and their parents in various challenging situations of distress and difficulty, as well as how they can help patients and medical teams achieve treatment goals. This lack of appreciation of the potential benefits of utilizing the services of a medical clown meant that sometimes patients and medical teams could be reluctant to cooperate with them.
As part of the new study, the team of researchers focused on qualitative, in-depth systematic identification of the skills of medical clowns through observation and analysis of their actions in challenging encounters with adolescents, parents, and medical staff.
The team analyzed videotaped sessions of medical clowns in various simulated situations and conducted in-depth interviews with expert medical clowns.
The researchers identified forty different skills used by the medical clowns to achieve four therapeutic goals: 1) building a relationship and connecting to the needs and desires of the patients; 2) dealing with emotions and difficulties; 3) increasing the patient’s motivation to adhere to the treatment plan; and 4) increasing the patient’s sense of control and providing encouragement to patients.
The clowns examined in the study were trained and recruited by the Dream Doctors Project, a non-profit association that employs medical clowns as part of the paramedical system in Israeli hospitals, and trains them to work within multi-disciplinary teams. The TAU and MSR researchers collaborated to create a simulation-based workshop focused on developing the skills of experienced medical clowns.
“From the moment they enter the room, the clowns form a bond with the patients, strengthen them, and give them power and status within the medical system,” Professor Karnieli-Miller says. “They do this through an initial connection to the patients’ voice, and even to the patients’ reluctance to implement therapeutic recommendations, an emotional connection that often results in the patient changing their position and cooperating with the medical staff.
“The medical system is hierarchical, and it is not always easy for patients to navigate. Therefore, one of the skills of medical clowns is to place themselves in the lowest position in the medical setting. By doing so they empower the patients, giving them control, including the choice of whether to allow the clown to enter the room as well as to dictate the nature of the patient’s role vis-à-vis that of the clown. This provides an increased sense of control and gives the patient courage to face their challenges.”
The researchers emphasize that the clowns are very aware of the emotional difficulty associated with staying in a hospital and dealing with an illness. To deal with these issues the clowns sometimes distract the patient by using props, humor, and imagination. Other skills include the clowns allowing the patient to direct their frustrations towards them, away from the medical staff or parents.
Depending on the situation, medical clowns may also use a comforting touch, soothing music, empathetic listening, or a reinforcing statement to provide an environment where the patient feels comfortable to express their feelings.
A patient’s ability to gain legitimacy is important and is strengthened by the clowns. “Mapping the skills and goals of the medical clowns improves their understanding of their role and may help other health professionals appreciate their work methods and the benefits of incorporating these methods into their own practices when faced with similar challenges,” Professor Karnieli-Miller adds.
“This research is important because it allows the clowns to enhance their training program and refine their diverse skills to achieve the various therapeutic goals appropriate for different patients, as well as helping health professionals collaborate with the medical clowns,” Professor Karnieli-Miller says.
“If professionals in the healthcare field will know how and when to cooperate with the medical clowns, they will be able to help patients overcome challenges, and at the same time they may be more tolerant of the clowns’ ‘disruption’ of the hospital care regimen. This appreciation of the clowns’ contribution will provide the clowns with the time and space to connect with patients and help and encourage patients to become more active participants in their treatment plan, important goals all health professionals aspire to.”
