Throughout much of the world, increasing numbers of women are delaying having their first child until they are in their late thirties, and even into their forties. At this age, their eggs are rapidly deteriorating and, even with IVF, their prospects of conception are far from guaranteed.
Reversing that deterioration is the ultimate goal of molecular biologist Dr. Michael Klutstein, head of the Chromatin and Aging Research Lab in the Faculty of Dental Medicine at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU). This possibility has now come one step closer with recent research from his lab, carried out by Ph.D. student Peera Wasserzug-Pash. in collaboration with clinicians from Hadassah Medical Center and Shaare Zedek hospitals. Their findings were published in Aging Cell (Loss of heterochromatin and retrotransposon silencing as determinants in oocyte aging).
In humans, egg cells begin to accumulate damage to their genetic material when a woman is relatively young. Often by the time she is in her late thirties, her eggs have accumulated so much damage to the DNA that they are unable to mature and be fertilized. Dr. Klutstein’s team successfully identified one of the aging processes that prevent the successful maturation of an egg cell. Most importantly among them is the loss of the regulation processes that normally stop the damaging parts of DNA from becoming active.
It is in many ways a strange idea to think about: parts of our DNA contain sections of genetic material that can be damaging. In fact, about half of our genome is made of virus-like sequences or fragments of viruses, which can cause considerable damage to the DNA if they are allowed to be activated through expression. This idea has been studied extensively and was discovered by Barbara McClintock who received the 1983 Nobel Prize for her work on this topic.
It is the aging process that causes the failure of the system to keep these damaging elements repressed and inactive. Klutstein and his HU team’s research, using mouse and human egg cells, not only identified the details of these processes but showed how they are interrelated and ultimately prevent an egg cell from maturing.
To confirm their findings, the team then used chemicals that mimic the actual processes that stop the repression of sections of the egg cell’s DNA and liberate the DNA-damaging viruses. Reproducing the aging processes artificially enabled the team to link the processes of loss of genomic regulation and the expression of damaging elements in aging egg cells.
In the final stage of their research, they tested ways to reverse the destructive aging processes at work in an egg cell. If viruses or parts of viruses were released and activated in aging eggs, then perhaps anti-viral drugs could prevent this process and the resulting damage.
In their paper, the researchers showed that anti-viral drugs did indeed reverse the process in mouse egg cells and returned to their former youthful selves! There has also been similar success using genetic manipulation to insert two genes into the mouse egg cell DNA – the implanted genes produce enzymes that prevent the chain of events that leads to the activation of the damaging parts of the DNA. “Within a decade, I hope we will be able to increase fertility among older women using anti-viral drugs,” shared Klutstein.
